Organizational Behaviour Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness

Question: Talk about the Organizational Behavior Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness. Answer: Presentation Worker inspiration is a perspective through which the representatives are spurred to try sincerely and accomplish the hierarchical objectives. The inspiration of the representatives is relied on a few components which are clarified in different persuasive hypotheses. There are a few needs which are required to be fulfilled for accomplishing the representative inspiration. The exposition will have a top to bottom examination of different persuasive speculations, for example, Hierarchy hypothesis, two factor hypothesis, value hypothesis, three needs hypothesis, objective hypothesis, and hope hypothesis of inspiration (Baker, 2011). The associations are making tremendous progress by having more prominent worker commitment and representative inspiration, for example, up flood incomes, higher representative fulfillment, expanded profitability, raised consistency standard, higher brand picture and solid situation in the market. There number of practices the associations are presenting with the goal that they can have the worker inspiration. The different rationalists have built up the persuasive hypotheses with the goal that the expanding needs of the workers can be met successfully (Dartey-Baah and Amoako, 2011). Every one of these scholars have their indispensable job in giving the associations various befits identified with higher representative inspiration and worker commitment. The article will give data with respect to the relationship among inspiration and worker commitment, different hypotheses of inspiration, contrasting and assessment of speculations, handy utilization of hypotheses and a finishing up section. Inspiration and Employee Engagement Inspiration is the essential key to progress. This is an all around set and very much characterized idea in the association and inspirational ideas and speculations. The fundamental reason for inspiration is to help the spirit of the representatives by giving them the most ideal offices and fulfilling their necessities and prerequisites. The higher the associations pay worry over the improvement of the workers the more noteworthy is the inspirational level. The representative commitment can be clarified as the contribution or commitment of the laborers of an association in the activities and tasks of the association (Manzoor, 2012). From very nearly 10 years the associations are laying high concentration upon the worker commitment idea. There are endeavoring hard and actualizing a few approaches and practices to give the representatives a more secure and secure condition with broad number of chances to have their self-improvement. There are number of advantages which are related with representative commitment, for example, expanded profitability, the exceptionally connected with workers give their 100 percent to the association and give expanded efficiency as far as quality and productivity to the association. The following advantage is higher degree of consistency, the drew in and fulfilled representatives consistently attempt to get achievement and partner with the association for longer time period which results into high and raised standard for dependability of the workers. Different advantages are elevated level of advancement in the association as representatives additionally give their view focuses and thoughts in the improvement t of the association (Zhang and Bartol, 2010). Expanded incomes and benefits and higher worker fulfillment are the essential three advantages of higher representative commitment. Inspiration and representative commitment together are the two best methodologies through which the association make stepping stools of progress. Both inspiration and representative commitment are interconnected. The expanded inspiration results into more elevated level of representative commitment as the expanded confidence of the worker are associated with the association in an improved and better manner. It is important for the associations to accentuation on both the components for example to spur the workers through different practices and motivating forces just as to have higher representative commitment by reveling the representatives in the working and dynamic of the association (Crawford, LePine and Rich, 2010). Assessment, investigating of the different inspirational ideas and speculations In all the persuasive speculations the essential and the essential target is comparable which is to propel the people I n a few or other way. There are various methodologies clarified in understanding the conduct of the people and how they can have improved inspiration in all the persuasive speculations. In assessment of the speculations it is discovered that there are scarcely any similitudes among every one of them. The similitudes incorporates all the speculations have a comparative objective i.e to inspire the representatives. Second, there consistently required quite a while for gaining all the prerequisites required for inspiration and third, each persuasive hypothesis accentuation the representatives to choose what objective or which explicit need will rouse them. In correlation of Maslow need hypothesis with the Herzberg hypothesis it has been broke down that the cleanliness components of the Herzberg hypothesis are indistinguishable with the security and physiological needs of Maslow hypothesis. For example, in need hypothesis to arrive at security pecking order there is necessity to acquire cash thus the budgetary impetus for example pay is a cleanliness factor. There are not many contrasts additionally in the Herzberg hypothesis there is expressed the variables which disappoint the workers while in every other hypothesis the elements which inspire the representatives are referenced. So in a general assessment, looking into pack can be said that all the speculations have their indispensable significance in propelling the workers however with various and assorted methodologies. There is a need of the considerable number of speculations in association changes from capacity to work. Job of persuasive speculations in expanding representative commitment For making progress each association is required to have propelled and connected with representatives at their work environment. The inspiration hypotheses have a crucial job in expanding the representative commitment as these ate the groundings over which the dedication and the inclusion of the workers rely on. There are fundamentally six significant persuasive speculations which improve and upgrade the worker commitment which incorporates Hierarchy of Needs, Two factor hypothesis, Equity hypothesis, three needs hypothesis, Goal setting hypothesis and Expectancy hypothesis (Khattak and Durani, 2011). The Hierarchy of requirements hypothesis shields and guarantees that the lower level needs of the representatives is fulfilled. The hypothesis is proposed by Abraham Maslow. It offers a few chances to the workers for accomplishing their necessities of all other more elevated levels. For rousing the workers through the need hypothesis there are five distinct levels for example physical, wellbeing, social, regard and self-completion. There are given a few advantages and motivations to the representatives for achieving their necessities of the considerable number of levels. The associations that can fulfill the necessities of the representative at the most significant level are high in accomplishing worker commitment and inspiration (Kaur, 2013). In the two factor hypothesis of inspiration, the issues of the representatives identified with disappointment and the inspiration both are perceived as two distinct perspectives. There happens overhauling of the employments and the work so that there can be expanded inspiration. This hypothesis was confined by Frederick Herzberg. There are number of things which are utilized to expand the inspiration of the representatives, for example, by giving them development openings, extra obligations, important work or employment job, acknowledgment and accomplishments. There are discrete spaces for tending to the thing which disappointed the representatives, for example, insufficient working conditions, extreme arrangements and practices (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). In the Equity hypothesis encircled by John Adams, the workers are roused fundamentally with the reasonable and impartial frameworks in the associations. The workers are treated with complete decency with no disparity issues. The representatives get inspired by contrasting themselves and different workers so they can assess whether they have been dealt with and paid on a reasonable and value premise on it. According to the aftereffects of the assessment they improve their presentation and get spurred to buckle down (Bell and Martin, 2012). In the three needs hypothesis created by David McClelland the representatives are spurred through setting up of fairly reasonably troublesome points and objectives with the goal that they can have their endeavors to accomplish them. The association gives nonstop solid inputs to the representatives with respect to their accomplishment of the set troublesome objectives. In this inspiration hypothesis McClelland clarifies that there are principally three needs of the workers for example accomplishment, association and force. Also, along these lines the first and essential endeavors are laid over the accomplishment of the objectives. When the representatives accomplish their objectives they get propelled to try sincerely and achieve connection and force in the coming timeframe (Forbes, 2011). In the Goal setting hypothesis, created by George Odiorne, the essential focal point of the association is on the foundation of the quantifiable targets and objectives in the wake of having a meeting with the workers. The association interconnects the objectives of the representatives with the targets of the organization so that there can be achievement of the common and the shared objectives. The association likewise gives standard and nonstop criticism to the representatives with the goal that they can accomplish the objectives in a much quick manner. The fundamental factor which helps in propelling and expanding representative commitment is by making the workers took part in the setting up of the extreme and testing objectives. In the wake of defining up of these objectives the representatives attempt to comprehend their job in accomplishing those objectives and later on the advancement and development is resolved (Shantz and Latham, 2011). In the Expectancy hypothesis, encircled by Victor Vroom the workers get propelled as the association give the representatives number of chances to have achievement and development. There is likewise offered a

ETHICS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Morals AND FINANCIAL SERVICES - Essay Example During this period, a portion of its procedures were very befuddling and unmitigated. The organization had prohibited a portion of its costs from its money related book. The case features different warnings, for example, an outrageous development arranged supervisory group and developing requirement for additional capital. With this, the reviewers permitted themselves to be deceived and missed the warnings that could have made them aware of burrow and dissect their investigation all the more profoundly. During the time 1990-1994, the organization was engaged with an extortion conspire whereby Gottlieb and Drabinsky got $7, 000, 000 straightforwardly or through the organization possessed by Gottlieb. Roughly $ 4, 000, 000 of the aggregate sum was promoted as the pre-creation costs. Gottlieb and Drabinsky worked a payoff conspire with Livent merchants and took the referenced sum from the organization and took into their own pocket. To completely persuade the organization of the exchange, Gottlieb trained the two merchants to introduce a receipt that couldn't uncover their arrangement. After Livent consenting to the arrangement, Gottlieb and Drabinsky got the installment for fake administrations. In the mid 1990s, it got hard for the organization to accomplish its money related objectives. Gottlieb and Drabinsky making the most of their monetary benefit, and thusly, the organization needed to hold up under the misfortune. It got hard for the organization to raise extra cash-flow to sup port its activity. Further, Gottlieb and Drabinsky controlled the organization by guiding Livent’s bookkeeping staff to cloud the company’s monetary emergency. A portion of the controls included deleting the bookkeeping records that recorded the liabilities and costs of the organization toward the finish of every year. The Livent’s bookkeeping staff connected with into a bookkeeping trick of moving the preproduction expenses of existing show to shows that was underway. This exchange controlled the organization to understand the expense of the significant things utilized underway. To diminish the expenses of

Oncologist paper :: treating cancer

Characterization of disease decides proper treatment and decides the guess. Malignancy grows logically from an adjustment in a cell’s hereditary structure because of transformations, to cells with uncontrolled development designs. Grouping is m e as per the site of starting point, histology (or cell investigation; called reviewing), and the degree of the illness (called organizing). Site of Origin This order portrays the sort of tissue wherein the disease cells start to create. Here are some regular instances of site of beginning characterization: Adenocarcinoma †starts in glandular tissue Blastoma †starts in early stage tissue of organs Carcinoma †starts in epithelial tissue (i.e., tissue that lines organs and cylinders) Leukemia †starts in tissues that structure platelets Lymphoma †starts in lymphatic tissue Myeloma †starts in bone marrow Sarcoma †starts in connective or steady tissue (e.g., bone, ligament, muscle) Evaluating Evaluating includes inspecting tumor cells that have been acquired through biopsy under a magnifying lens. The variation from the norm of the cells decides the evaluation of the malignant growth. Expanding variation from the norm builds the evaluation, from 1 †4. Cells that are very much separated losely look like develop, particular cells. Cells that are undifferentiated are exceptionally anomalous, that is, juvenile and crude. Evaluation 1 Cells somewhat irregular and very much separated Evaluation 2 Cells progressively irregular and decently separated Evaluation 3 Cells exceptionally irregular and ineffectively separated Evaluation 4 Cells juvenile and undifferentiated Organizing Organizing is the characterization of the degree of the sickness. There are a few kinds of organizing techniques. The tumor, hub, metastases (TNM) framework groups malignancy by tumor size (T), the level of territorial spread or hub contribution (N), and inaccessible meta asis (M). Tumor (T) T0 No proof of tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ (constrained to surface cells) T1â€4 Increasing tumor size and contribution Hub (N) N0 No lymph hub contribution N1â€4 Increasing degrees of lymph hub contribution Nx Lymph hub contribution can't be evaluated Metastases (M) M0 No proof of inaccessible metastases M1 Evidence of inaccessible metastases A numerical framework likewise is utilized to characterize the degree of sickness. Stage 0 Cancer in situ (constrained to surface cells) Stage I Cancer constrained to the tissue of inception, proof of tumor development Stage II Limited nearby spread of dangerous cells Stage III Extensive nearby and provincial spread Stage IV Distant metastasis A specialist who works in treating malignant growth. A clinical oncologist, or radiotherapist, has practical experience in treating malignant growth with radiation, and a clinical oncologist spends significant time in treating disease with drugs.

Modernity and Post-Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Innovation and Post-Modernity - Essay Example People proceeded with their scholarly advancement before and because of this psychological procedure, they empowered themselves to make and apply different social frameworks during the previous hundreds of years (Colins 2004). In any case, the most huge advancement in such manner was industrialization, which drove humankind towards the idea of modernization. In this period, by and by people concentrated on mechanized creation so as to satisfy the developing interest of shopper items, for example, flour, dress. Yet, this uniqueness of qualities end up being a wellspring of annihilation for the horticultural business overall since, this time’s scholarly base underscored on satisfying the requirements of dominant part on the cost of those of minority. Be that as it may, with the progression of time, people ran over another significant idea of post-advancement, which rather than cooperation concentrated on independence (David 1989). Subsequently, under the impression of independen ce favored everybody with the option to live their lives, as they see fit, inside legitimate necessities obviously. Simultaneously, it is basic to consider the dynamic givers of this change from the possibility of cooperation towards that of independence in light of the fact that, the results of innovation got obvious in type of not many decision over most of people (Frank and Waters 1999). In this way, humankind considered the idea of independence as rescuer for the humanity’s inconsistent dissemination of rights. Along these lines, thusly, worldwide legitimate condition gave people with their privileges of discourse and vote. During this period of moderate illumination, African Americans and females are honored with the option to cast a ballot.

Sir Terry Pratchetts Unfinished Works Destroyed by Steamroller Critical Linking, August 31

Sir Terry Pratchetts Unfinished Works Destroyed by Steamroller Critical Linking, August 31 Sponsored by Mask of Shadows by Linsey Miller The unfinished books of Sir  Terry Pratchett  have been destroyed by a steamroller, following the late fantasy novelist’s wishes. Pratchett’s hard drive was crushed by a vintage John Fowler Co steamroller named Lord Jericho at the Great Dorset Steam Fair, ahead of the opening of a new exhibition about the author’s life and work. Always nice to see a late authors wishes respected. As it turns out, my worries were unfounded: So far, they like books with both boy and girl protagonists, and I believe that’s due to a concerted effort their father and I have made to put a wide variety of books in front of them. Frankly, the primary challenge has been the sheer volume of books with boy leads: A  Florida State University study  found only a third of children’s books published 1900-2000 have an adult woman or female animal character, but adult men or male animals are nearly ubiquitous. The writer  Caroline Paul checked out the  New York Times  bestseller list  for kids and found that of the top ten, not a single one had a female protagonist. Tips for getting boys to read more books with girl characters. I loved my job. I loved going to work and I understood the first week of school that it was impossible to teach any student you despised. A teacher’s job was to responsibly love the students in front of them. If I was doing my job, I had to find a way to love the wealthy white boys I taught with the same integrity I loved my black students, even if the constitution of that love differed. This wasn’t easy because no matter how conscientious, radically curious, or politically active I encouraged Cole to be, teaching wealthy white boys like him meant that I was being paid to really fortify, and make more responsible, Cole’s power. An excellent essay from speculative fiction writer Kiese Laymon about the difference between privilege and power. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

Knowledge Management As An Idea Established A Few Years Ago - 1925 Words

Knowledge Management As An Idea Established A Few Years Ago (Term Paper Sample) Content: Knowledge ManagementName {}Institution {}Knowledge managementKnowledge management (KM) is an idea that was established a few years ago with the aim of improving the management of different organizations. According to Rubenstein-Montano et al. (2001), knowledge management (KM) is the practice that advocates for an interspersed approach to recognizing, capturing, assessing, recovering, and distribution of an organizations learning assets. It involves how knowledge is utilized in an organization to meet its set objectives. KM has been applied in different institution worldwide in the improvement of the organization towards achieving set goals. KM is utilized within the organization and the stakeholders who are the partners, customers, employees and the suppliers of the organization. Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) Company have incorporated the KM in their management. This paper will discuss in details how DEWA has integrated its management.DEWA is a public s ervice company in Dubai within the United Arab Emirates (UAE) which supplies the city of Dubai with electricity and water. The company was established in 1992 by the late Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum. Initially, DEWA was operating independently as Dubai electric company and Dubai Water Company separately since it was established in 1959. In 1992, the late Sheik Rasheed issued a decree, and the two companies were joined to one big organization. DEWA has 9000 workers and serves more than 780,000 customers with satisfying services rating at 16% in 2016. The UAE represented by DEWA has been ranked first in the Middle East and North America and fourth globally for the fourth consecutive year for getting electricity (World Bank 2017 business report). DEWA Organization has enhanced the commercial growth of the Dubai city as well as the UAE. Currently, DEWA is enlarging its M-station as the largest power supply and desalination plant in the UAE (Alavi and Leidner, 2001).KM in DEWA has brought many advantages and great value toward its development and the achievement of the set objectives. Implementation of KM has immensely benefited the employees in the company as well. Firstly, at an individual level, the employees can share their working experience at different places within the nation or the organization. Secondly, knowledge from various employees is shared among them, and they can know obtain information which is beneficial from each other. Finally, KM has assisted the employees to learn from each others mistakes thus improving their performance and skills in their specific areas. On the other hand, KM benefit the organization in efficiency, quality services offered, good productivity as well as better decision-making toward the operation of the organization. At the group level, these benefits have contributed towards profit growth and easy management of the organization (Hislop, 2013).According to Hislop (2013), institutions witness sturdy developments in b oth the quality and value of their operations and contentment of the society by the proper implementation of KM. The DEWA Company has initiated KM in its organization through various ways. Firstly, DEWA has launched the use of expert locator. This is an approach that brings people together, process, content and new technology. The expert locator identifies experts across the organization, connects people and identifies staffs with specializes information required for specific projects. It helps the employees of DEWA to reach the experts quickly who will help them solve problems within an organization. Moreover, the expert locator makes the employees acquire extra knowledge required in operation of the specific task from different experts in their area of work. The initiative ensures that new and creative ideas are used in solving problems.Secondly, employees are engaged in various training and meetings organized by the company that improves their skills and learn about emerging issu es in their areas of specialization. Fortunately or unfortunately not all employees are capable of attending the training a few are chosen to represent the others. Consequently, after the training, they share the new knowledge with their colleagues and highlighting their understanding and use it in relevant areas in the job. The activity maximizes the benefits of learning and creates the culture of knowledge sharing within an organization (Hislop, 2013).Thirdly, the establishment of learning centers in DEWA promotes the use KM. The knowledge centers have many different sources of knowledge which improve the understanding of the DEWA employees. The Books, magazines, articles, technical and non-technical materials are always availed in various DEWA learning centers. Libraries are as well available with knowledge sources in the different location of DEWA in the UAE. In addition, KM in DEWA launched the e-library. Employees can access the learning materials online from various locations all day long. International published information can be found through e-library. This improves the knowledge of the employees thus enhancing their skills of work and getting updated on the current information (Wang, Noe and Wang, 2014).Finally, DEWA has a share-hour program that helps them manage their knowledge. It is a program done once in a month. Employee meets for one hour and discuss on a topic or a particular issue of their choice. This helps to get more understanding of their working skills and share knowledge and learn from each other. Intelligent capital is the value the association is having towards its employees knowledge as well as the information that grants the organization a competitive advantage in its services delivery. Intellectual capital is an asset in an organization. DEWA Company values the intellectual capital as it promotes the development of the enterprise. The company ensures that the employees are well trained on specific topics and acquire sufficient k nowledge that will benefit them. They are provided with various sources of information through learning centers and e-libraries. Additionally, DEWA has developed a program in which the employees can access the experts who will provide them with knowledge in specific projects and areas in the job. Workers are enlightened on how to distribute the gained knowledge with one other thus learning from one another (Wang et al., 2014).However, knowledge needed in an organization must be identified before providing it. Identification will be of importance and will help the company to know which particular area need to be supported with extra knowledge. The need for knowledge can be identified through poor performance of an organization. Moreover, complaints from the customers receiving the services from the company will show that the additional knowledge is necessary for the staff. During evaluation of the enterprise, there is a realization that the set objectives have not been met and it wil l alarm a need for knowledge. Weak relationship among the staff will as well show the need for knowledge (Hislop, 2013).Knowledge management entails the creation of awareness in an organization. Knowledge formulation is a constant transfer, incorporation, and conversion of the diverse knowledge, as users train, associate and learns from one another (Nonakas SECI model). Knowledge creation is done through knowledge sharing, interaction, practice, and education. Knowledge production is as well guaranteed through accurate information as well as data that is used in decision-making in an institution. Knowledge is generated through a continuous communication between implicit and explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge can be transmitted formally through precise language within an organization whereas tacit knowledge is personalized and hard to communicate seen through actions and involvement of people. DEWA applies both explicit and implicit knowledge through knowledge-sharing and determi nation of applying knowledge through action respectively. Moreover, the knowledge creation in an organization has promoted the efficiency of an organization (Hislop, 2013).Additionally, knowledge sharing is an initiative of KM. It promotes unity among the employees and educating the employees themselves. Five different ways encourage knowledge sharing in an organization namely; mentoring, department verse individuals, trust, rewards and finally through the use of collaboration tools. When employees consult each other and have a discussion at times, they promote knowledge sharing in an organization. DEWA Company has a program called share-hour program which encourages knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing is an initiative of KM will is implemented by DEWA Company hence promoting knowledge sharing in an organization. Groups meet their objective effectively through the application of knowledge sharing (Wang et al., 2014).Nevertheless, knowledge application in organizations has a signifi cant impact towards the achievement of set objective and easy management of an organization. According to Wang et al. (2014), knowledge utilization enhances staff productivity, quality product, and service, consistency in service delivery by using creative and knowledge-based assets. However, the implementation has challenges which can also be improved. Knowledge application entails different steps namely; establish knowledge management program objective, prepare for change, define the high-level process, determine and prioritize technology needs, assesses the current state, build a knowledge management implementation roadmap, implementation and finally measure and improve knowledge management program. Accurate adherence to the above steps will make learning application efficient.Moreover, for continuous improvement and proper management of an o...

Cartwright - 1330 Words

I. Key Issues Overview When Cartwright Lumber Company was originally founded, it was owned by both Mark Cartwright and Henry Stark. However, Cartwright bought out Stark’s interest for $105,000 and became sole owner of the company. To finance this payment, Henry took out a $70,000 loan with an interest rate of 11% secured by land and buildings payable over 10 years at a rate of $7,000 each year. was located in a suburb of a large city in the Pacific Northwest; its operations were limited to the retail distribution of lumber products in the local area. In 1994, Cartwright Lumber Company was established as a partnership by Mark Cartwright and his brother-in-law Henry Stark. However, in 2001, Cartwright brought out Henry’s interest for†¦show more content†¦Those were within acceptable level. Besides the liquidity, the working capital was keeping increasing from $ 208 thousand to $ 242 thousand. 4. Cash Flow Based on the income statement and balance sheet, we can get the cash flow statement for year 2002, 2003 and the first quarter of 2004. From the cash flow, it is obviously see that the main use of fund is for operations, materials purchasing, wages payment, interest payment etc. While the source of fund is from financing, bank loan and trade notes payables. III. Credit Assessment Industry Analysis With understanding of historical financial situation, we still need to know how company’s credit report demonstrates. And for a corporate form of organization, how it plays about the owner of the company’s personal credit. 1. Credit Assessment on Company Company Credit Assessment: For the Cartwright Lumber could get 2% discount payment within 10 days from suppliers, but it had taken few purchase discount because of the shortage of funds, while there was no bad record of lagged payment, so the company still owned good credit assessment. 2. Credit Assessment on Mark Administer Credit Assessment: Mark Cartwright was the sole owner of Cartwright Lumber Company. Per one of his supplier evaluated, Mark kept close check on his own credits, and had good personality. 3. Industry Analysis Situation for Cartwright Lumber were good. It was located in the growing suburb of a big city.Show MoreRelatedAngus Cartwright941 Words   |  4 PagesAngus Cartwright Case Study In September 2003, John DeRight and Judy DeRight, both cousins, decided that they both wanted to invest in real estate. The cousins felt that real estate would allow them the â€Å"benefits of diversification, protection from future inflation, and tax advantages.† John, a risk averse person, was a retired businessman and was willing to spend $9 million in this investment. John would rely on stock dividends and other income that totaled approximately $1 million. On the otherRead MoreCartwright594 Words   |  3 Pages1. 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The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas by Ursula Le Guin

The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas is a short story written by Ursula Le Guin. In her story, Le Guin creates a model Utilitarian society in which the majority of its citizens are devoid of suffering; allowing them to become an expressive, artistic population. Le Guin’s unrelenting pursuit of making the reader imagine a rich, happy and festival abundant society mushrooms and ultimately climaxes with the introduction of the outlet for all of Omelas’ avoided misfortune. Le Guin then introduces a coming of age ritual in which innocent adolescents of the city are made aware of the byproduct of their happiness. She advances with a scenario where most of these adolescents are extremely burdened at†¦show more content†¦Subsequently, the area surrounding the determinant for who is locked away are muddy waters because the short story is explicit in saying that the child â€Å"has not always lived in the tool room† (233). A Kantian ethics response to Le Guin’s short story and the Utilitarian principles Omelas embodies consists mainly of an adaptation of Kant’s â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The First Proposition of Morality (the distinction between â€Å"acting from duty† and acting merely â€Å"in accordance with duty† but from a â€Å"direct† or â€Å"indirect inclination†) The First Formulation of the Categorical Imperative: Universal Law The Second Formulation of the Categorical Imperative: Humanity as an End in Itself† Kant’s â€Å"fourth illustration† concerning the prosperous person who witnesses â€Å"great wretchedness,† (especially important in thinking about those citizens of Omelas who leave the city, walking away from its problems. â€Å"All rational beings stand under the law, that each should treat himself and others, never simply as means, but always at the same time as ends in themselves.† That is the Categorical Imperative, the moral principle posited by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Before the imperative is applied to the Omelas story, the term â€Å"rational beings† should be defined. Kant states that rational beings â€Å"...are called persons, because their very nature shows them to be ends in themselves, that is, something which cannot be madeShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Ones Who Walked Away From Omelas1105 Words   |  5 Pages Deep Roots In the story â€Å"The ones who walked away from Omelas† by Ursula K, Le Guin, Le Guin provides a notion that the cycle of inequality with in a society is intergenerational. At young ages, the children in the town are conditioned to accept inequalities within their society. Although the children disagreed with the treatment of the child locked in the basement, they later assimilated with these harsh realities. Pathing theRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Analysis1032 Words   |  5 Pagesdesirable and a perfect world for it’s citizens. Ursula K. Le Guin’s short story, â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas,† is an outstanding piece of literature that talked about a unbelievably perfect society which people’s happiness depends on a child’s misery. When it comes to the topic about the morality of whether the suffering of a child is worth the happiness of many people, most people will readily agree that it isn’t morally permi ssible that one person is humiliated and tortured for the sakeRead MoreThe Ones Who Walked Away From Omelas Analysis1114 Words   |  5 PagesIn the story â€Å"The ones who walked away from Omelas† by Ursula K. Le Guin. Le Guin provides a notion that the cycle of inequality within a society is intergenerational. At young ages, the children in the town are conditioned to accept inequalities within their society. Although the children disagreed with the treatment of the child locked in the basement, they later assimilated with these harsh realities. Paving the way for brutality and systemic oppression. With the full understanding that theirRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas899 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas†, symbolism is used throughout the entire story. The author, Ursula K. Le Guin, creates some complex symbols in the city of Omelas itself, the ones who walk away, the child in the basement, the child who never stops playing t he flute, and the ones who stay in Omelas. By depicting a seemingly utopian society, LeGuin is commenting on the fact that no society is perfect, and in fact, someone always must suffer for the happiness of others. The city of Omelas is theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Ones Who Walked Away From Omelas842 Words   |  4 Pagesstory by Ursula Le Guin â€Å"The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas,† is told by the narrative of the story, who also happens to be the protagonist. It is unknown whether the narrator is male or female. The narrator is the main character of the story, since he/she is telling the story from beginning to end. The story opens with a description of the city of Omelas and how it is in close proximity to the sparkling sea. In time for their annual Festival of Summer, the entire population of Omelas gathersRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From A Utopian Or Dystopian Society?1302 Words   |  6 PagesLogan S. Kroeker Kirk Layton English 0130-010 30th March 2016 The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas: Is Omelas a Utopian or Dystopian Society? How does one know if Omelas is Utopian or Dystopian? This is the topic that will be explored, within a literary analysis of the short story by Ursula K. Le Guin: The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas. The narrator depicts a society that appears to simulate the Garden of Eden. The citizens of Omelas are seen to have a euphoric state of mind, which helps describe themRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Analysis876 Words   |  4 Pagesof regret and confusion.† The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas† by Ursula K. Le Guin and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson address the theme of religious and traditional symbolism.† The Lottery† demonstrates how something that seems so perfect on the outside isn’t all that great on the inside. Symbolism shows the reader that there is a deeper message within the diction. â€Å"The Lottery† addresses the theme more successfully than â€Å"The Ones Who Walked Away from the Omelas† with the greater use of religiousRead MoreAnalysis Of Ursula Le Guins The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas1059 Words   |  5 Pagesof Omelas from Ursula Le Guin’s â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas† and Klondike Bar to the happiness, beauty, and success of Omelas and its inhabitants. The answer to the question now is to keep a single child trapped in â€Å"abominable misery†, never freeing it or even speaking a kind word to it. Despite using a child as a sacrifice so the majority of the city can live an untroubled life the narrator, who serves as the main character, never says a negative word about the people of Omelas. From theRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And The Ones Who Walk Away1556 Words   |  7 Pagestraditions from those who have come bef ore them. With that said, it is imperative to provide individuals with the reasons we, as a society, act and behave in the manner in which we do. Without the proper knowledge of certain traditions, the members of future generations could continue to demonstrate barbaric rituals simply out of habit. This is particularly true throughout the short stories, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The ones who walk away from Omelas† by Ursula K. Le Guin. Within bothRead MoreConformity in The Lottery, The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas and The Namesake1063 Words   |  5 Pages To stand firm in ones beliefs is a difficult task. It takes a strong-minded person with boldness to stand for what he or she believes in. The possible consequence for doing so is isolation, humiliation or the success of changing ones view. Given that standing up for oneself makes the person vulnerable, out of fear, many suppress their ideas and settle for the beliefs of others. In The Lottery, The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas and The Namesake, the characters struggled with the decision to

Functions of type III interferons Free Essay Example, 1500 words

In addition to these functions, there is the possibility for an anti-inflammatory role for interferons, as their anti-inflammatory properties in several anti-inflammatory disease models in animals have been convincingly demonstrated. While there is growing clarity in the beneficial aspects of the types of interferons, less is known about the molecular mechanisms of this beneficial behaviour of the interferons. (2). Type III Interferons The Type III interferons have been recently found and consist of three interferon lambda molecules termed as IFN-lambda1, IFN lambda2 and IFN lambda3 and are also known as IL29, IL28 and IL28B respectively. The lambda interferons have demonstrated capabilities for antiviral activities against both the hepatitis virus varieties of hepatitis B Virus and hepatitis C virus. The antiviral activity of the lambda interferons are less vigorous than the antiviral activity of the Type I interferons. This may be because the interferon lambda uses receptors that are not so wide spread in the body of living beings. However, this may prove beneficial, as it is presumed that this less vigorous antiviral activity may bestow on the lambda interferons the benefit of producing fewer side effects in the human body. We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of type III interferons or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now (5). The Functions of Type III Interferons Investigations to increase the body of knowledge on of the manner in which Interferons demonstrate their immunomodulatory effects have led to finding that the interferons use signalling pathways to control such responses in normal and malignant cells. The finding of the IFN-regulated JAK-STAT pathway and the several ancillary cascades has made possible the development of models that understand this mode of action. The early signalling which happens through these pathways at the IFN receptor level cause transcription of IFN-genes that are capable of generating antiviral and anti-tumour responses. This mechanism of action suggests that the type III interferons have antiviral and immunomodulatory effects functions. (6) Antiviral Functions of Type III Interferons The Type I antiviral action is well established both in vitro and in vivo. When infected with a virus cells release Type I interferons early, which are critical to the development of protection from the virus and the subsequent development of the adaptive immune responses to the virus. On binding to its receptor the type I interferons trigger the Janus kinase signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signalling pathway.

Substance Misuse Practices Binge Drinking, Prescription...

The following section discusses key strategies to address the substance misuse practices such as: binge drinking, prescription drug abuse and heroin use among NH young adults. The main sub-themes identified by young adults include: academia education, community resources, outreach education, family and friends, peer involvement, key messages and alternative strategies. Glad these (focus) groups exist, educating, helping. It s wicked important to feel like my opinion matters. I can give the inside perspective; I don t have to lie. All agree that the focus groups were important KEY STRATEGIES Substance use among youth and young adults remains a significant and a major public health problem . According to Substance Abuse Mental Health and Services Administration (SAMHSA), NH residents aged 18-25 reported highest rates in past month illicit drug use than any other state . Early onset dependence on alcohol and drugs can result in addiction in later years, and can delay treatment substantially in these young lives. In order to tackle this growing dependence, prevention and early intervention strategies for young adults are needed to address and reduce the current rates of substance use. Early intervention strategies have been defined as â€Å"strategies addressed at patients who need intrinsic motivation to change their alcohol and drug use patterns and/or to seek specialized treatment,†(Kurz, 2003). The focus groups identified key strategiesShow MoreRelatedPsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 Pagesquestions selected from the following, as well as selected questions from in-class tests on Food Addiction and on The Joyful Mind; correct answers to those tests have already been posted to the doc sharing portion of the Ecompanion Website. You can use the answers to check the answers you gave on your chapter study tests. Your final exam is on Wednesday, September 12, 2012; You will have from 8:15AM to 9:45AM to complete the final exam. There are no make up dates for the final exam. From Chapter 1:Read MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words   |  72 Pagesbeen permitted to write a project on â€Å"Alcoholism and Drug Addiction† for B.A. LL.B. (Hons) Internal Evaluation of Amity Law School, Sector – 125, Noida, AUUP. Date: 10th October 2011 Ms. Mokshdha Bhushan Lecturer Amity Law School AUUP Noida - 201301 Introduction Alcoholism and Drug Addiction may be conceptualized as crime without victim that is, addict himself is the victim who becomes a prey of its misuse. This devastating melody is eroding the roots of socialRead MoreDrugs in Society Study Guide Essay4299 Words   |  18 PagesCCJS 340 - Drugs in Society Study Guide What drug is most commonly abused by young adults (as determined by recent surveys noted in the text)? Marijuana According to the 2005 NIDA Household Survey on Drug Abuse, people in which age group are the most likely to have ever used drugs? People between the ages of 26 and 32 Findings by the Community Epidemiology Workgroup reveal that the types of drugs used in different cities vary. Which drugs seem to be more prevalent in western cities?

Asking for Less Homework Free Essays

ASKING FOR LESS HOMEWORK There are many important things in life but one of the most important things is education. Although education is really helpful, getting extra things to do like excessive homework makes it boring. Specific studies show that excessive homework makes students and parents hate school. We will write a custom essay sample on Asking for Less Homework or any similar topic only for you Order Now People say that having more homework is good for students as it helps them get higher marks and be more responsible. They also say that more homework will make students revise a lot, so you remember explanations better. They prove that by doing more homework the parents would be able to get involved more with the student’s educational life and be able to help them. Elders think that by giving students extra homework they will be able to be independent thinkers and know that they can learn things outside of school. However, I found that all these above findings are untrue. More homework won’t make you revise more or get good marks, it will make you tired, sleepy and exhausted and leave no time to revise for quizzes or tests you have on the next day. Students don’t want to be responsible now, in their future life they will be responsible. Parents would make it worse if they try to help their children to understand something as they might explain it in a different way and get the child confused. Students should have less homework. They need time to be with their family. They want to have a life for themselves and want to be active e. g going to the cinema to meet friends and play sports. We would enjoy simple things like having more sleep so we can go to school fresh the next day. Read also  Homework Solutions – Chapter 3 Researchers have found that students finish their homework and stay up late at night so they can have some free time. In fact some teachers have found that more homework makes the student hate the subject. The student becomes pale and bored as he has been studying his whole life. Well, teachers should ask themselves if they want us to be active and do homework together, it will never work. Ask yourself : â€Å"Do you want your child to be constantly pale, sleepy and tired? â€Å",†Do you want to see your child so fat as he eats and eats and doesn’t have time to exercise? . Think of all the questions related to this and you will find the answer to none of them. In conclusion, I would like the school to think about students rights and having less homework is one of them. All principals should remember that teens and kids want to have fun, they don’t want to be responsible now and do hard work. They will be responsible later and will have to do extra study to get g ood marks but when they want not by forcing them and punishing them if they don’t do it. Think carefully and you will eventually agree with my beliefs. How to cite Asking for Less Homework, Essay examples

Casting Crowns - The Altar and the Door free essay sample

For a number of music lovers, Casting Crowns seems to be one of the first (if not one of the greatest) bands to come to mind regarding the contemporary Christian genre. Their new album, The Altar and the Door, makes sacrifices in terms of sound and song structure, but proves how the bands lyrical talent has evolved over the years. The album opens with the explosive â€Å"What this World Needs.† Sporting a hard rock guitar riff and heavy drums and bass-this song may very well be the most upbeat that they have ever recorded. Unfortunately, it is probably the only song on the album that will really leave you bobbing your head from beginning to end. Thats not to say that the rest of the album is forgettable. In fact, it wouldnt be surprising to hear â€Å"Somewhere in the Middle† and â€Å"The World is Alive† on 104.7 The Fish or J-93. We will write a custom essay sample on Casting Crowns The Altar and the Door or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 in the near future. The piano and viola work on these songs are beautiful and Mark Halls voice reaches out inspiringly at every chorus. Other songs, such as â€Å"Every Man†, dont have as much of a conventional â€Å"praise† feel, but fans will appreciate Casting Crowns newfound mellow vibe on a majority of the tracks. Listening to the songs without showing regard to their lyrics would be like not listening to them at all. Every song practically tells a story and portrays a biblical theme. â€Å"East to West,† questions the ‘distance between wrong and right, and â€Å"Prayer for a Friend† tells of a persons misguided companion who needs Gods assistance. (Lord, I lift my friend to you / Ive done all that I know to do.†) Overall, the minor flaws are outweighed by the sheer value of the Christian messages present in every song. Newcomers may feel a bit hungry for the bands older material, but the group has certainly made a step forward in many important aspects. Casting Crowns - The Altar and the Door free essay sample For a number of music lovers, Casting Crowns is the first (if not the greatest) contemporary Christian band that comes to mind. Their new album, â€Å"The Altar and the Door,† makes sacrifices in terms of sound and song structure, but proves how the band’s lyrical talent has evolved over the years. The album opens with the explosive â€Å"What This World Needs.† Sporting a hard rock guitar riff and heavy drums and bass, this song may very well be their most upbeat. Unfortunately, it is probably the only song on the album that will make you bob your head from beginning to end. That’s not to say that the rest of the album is forgettable. In fact, it wouldn’t be surprising to hear â€Å"Somewhere in the Middle† and â€Å"The World Is Alive† on pop stations in the near future. The piano and viola in these songs are beautiful and Mark Hall’s voice reaches out inspiringly at every chorus. We will write a custom essay sample on Casting Crowns The Altar and the Door or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other songs, like â€Å"Every Man,† don’t have as much of a conventional praise feeling, but fans will appreciate Casting Crown’s newfound mellow vibe. Listening to the songs without comprehending the lyrics would be like not listening to them at all. Every song tells a story that portrays a biblical theme. â€Å"East to West† questions the distance between right and wrong, and â€Å"Prayer for a Friend† tells of a person’s misguided companion who needs God’s assistance (Lord, I lift my friend to You/I’ve done all that I know to do). Overall, the minor flaws are outweighed by the valuable Christian messages. Newcomers may feel a bit hungry for the band’s older material, but the group has certainly made a step forward in many important areas.

Teaching Social Skills free essay sample

Running head: Best Practices in Adaptive Behavior: Teaching Social Behavior Skills Best Practices in Adaptive Behavior: Teaching Social Behavior Skills in the Classroom to Improve Peer Relationships and Academic Achievement Kyna D. Monroe, M. Ed. Capella University Abstract This paper delves into utilizing best practices in adaptive behavior through social skills training. This study shows that teaching social skills in the classrooms plays a very important role in students academic performance and peer interactions. Implications foresee that social skills training will heighten the classroom ecology thereby minimizing negative student interactive behaviors and failure. to Improve Peer Relationships and Academic Achievement School psychologists have devoted almost exclusive attention to the assessment of and intervention recommendations for cognitive, perceptual-motor, and academic achievement difficulties of students. Studies addressing behaviors necessary for success in the classroom environment have focused upon variables such as overall chool climate (Wolf, 2001) and individual student characteristics (Gresham, 1990). A students characteristics is an important variable in a students environment to enhance his chances for success because some students succeed in a given situation while others do not, and many behavior characteristics can be modified by educating students in specific skill areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Social Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Outcomes in this research study indicate that specific behavioral competencies such as academic achievement and peer interactions are clearly linked to social skills training lessons taught to students. For this reason, it is believed that social skills is an intricate component to the classroom curriculum and is an important focus in school settings. The definition of social skills that seems to make the most sense has been termed by Gresham (1990) as the social validity definition. According to this definition social skills are situational specific behaviors that predict important social outcomes for children and youth. In school settings, important social outcomes include, but are not limited to: peer acceptance, academic achievement, self acceptance, and school djustment. There are several strong arguments for developing socially competent behaviors in students. First, social skills and peer acceptance have been related to long term adjustment outcomes for children and youth. Achenbach, McConaughy, and Howell (2007) comprehensively reviewed the literature that used longitudinal and follow back studies and found that peer relationship difficulties in elementary school predicted long term maladjusted outcomes such as dropping out of school, Juvenile delinquency, adult criminal behavior, and psychopathology in

Using Your Medical Skills To Write an Essay Using Medical Language

Using Your Medical Skills To Write an Essay Using Medical LanguageThe National Health Examination Results (NHRE) are one of the essential components of an NHD to college students. The results are a report that contains the information of your personal medical records, and also includes any points you made while completing your exam. These factors will be used in your NHD essay sample to demonstrate how much of an excellent student you are.When it comes to the best way to use your NHD, you have several options. One of the most effective ways is to write an essay on the topic you chose for your NHD. If your essay is based around medical terminology, you can look at medical terms used in your record and then list them out in the form of sentences that follow the essay. This is known as an article essay and is typically used by those with little or no medical experience.On the other hand, if you have some knowledge about health care, then you may choose to write an essay based around com mon problems and illnesses that many people will face in their life. There are several ways that an essay may be structured, and depending on your particular interests, you may find that you want to adapt a format that fits your own needs.Students who focus on this medical literacy may wish to consider using stories to tie in the different medical terms. An example would be, you may need to list a few medical terms, but would prefer not to keep writing all the time. All you need to do is fill in the blanks, and when you are finished, you can simply write the story that you have filled in.Another great idea is to use a timeline to tell the story. Using a timeline gives you the freedom to set up a clear sequence of events that can then be re-visited whenever you are ready to make a change to your essay.There are manydifferent ways you can structure your essay. Many students are unable to use any of these types of essay techniques because they simply do not have the time or the skill. However, if you are a good writer and are considering taking a medical career test, then you will definitely want to consider using an essay based around the concepts and facts that you have gained through your studies.When you are writing your NHD essay sample, make sure that you use all the resources available to you. You should get the help of a tutor or get a research book to take advantage of various resources and help you write your essay using different methods.

Adventist Music Guidelines Essays

Adventist Music Guidelines Essays Adventist Music Guidelines Essay Adventist Music Guidelines Essay however, implies that the dead go through that bright shining celestial door to Heaven. Therefore, that song is theologically unsound in the context of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, no matter how poetic the text, or how lovely the melody. As mentioned earlier, the text is indeed more equal than the musical element. However, without the tune, the text could never have the impact that comes from being coupled with good music that adds a new dimension.25 Even though the musical part plays an important role in church music as a whole, the message of the text which should not be overpowered by accompanying elements must take precedence.26 This means that when the congregation sings they should not be excessively caught up with that catchy melody and/or rhythm; the singers should strive to sing out as clearly as possible, so that the text of the hymns or songs is very audible. Therefore, the hymns and songs should be sung in a clear, natural voice. It is not loud singing that is needed, but clear intonation, correct pronunciation, and distinct utterance, so that Gods praise can be sung in clear, soft tones, not with harshness and shrillness that offend the ear.27 Mrs. White mentions that The long drawn-out notes and peculiar soundsare not pleasing to the angel.The songs in which every word is uttered clearly, in a musical tone are the songs that [the angels] join us in singing.28 Singing clearly is not enough, though. The singing should also be done with conviction and understandingthe singers should know and believe what they are singing. God is glorified by songs of praise from a pure heart filled with love and devotion to Him.29 In other words, the singers must not sing for the sake of singing, but they should sing from the heart. Only then will the hymns and songs become worthy of glorifying God. And the nearer the people of God can approach to correct, harmonious singing, the more He is glorified.30 The vocal treatment of the songs and hymns is just as important as the performance of the music. This applies mostly to the special music part of the worship service, when the congregation listens to the music being performed up front. The music itself might glorify God, but so must the singers and/or instrumentalists in their performance. In fact, The nuance which the performer brings to the presentation of a particular piece is a most important contributor to its power as a communicative medium.31 The performers of music in the worship music must be careful not to let themselves be the stars, or get all the limelight. They should keep one thing straight: they are singing (or playing whatever instruments) for the Lord, not performing just to get the attention, praise, and admiration of the congregation. Therefore, they must bring across the right message that they are praising God in their music. It is very important that the right Person is exalted in the church: God, not man himse lf. Since God is the One being glorified, He deserves the attention. Therefore, anything which calls for undue attention to the performer(s) such as excessive, affected bodily movement or inappropriate dress, should find no place in witnessing.32 Also, there should be no theatricality and prideful display when the singers and/or instrumentalists perform. If they perform with the objective of impressing the congregation with their refined abilities, then they are in the wrong place33they should not be playing music in church. Most, if not all, the music guidelines in worship service also apply towards music in evangelism. The songs should contain texts which are compatible with the Biblical teachings and beliefs of the church; the songs should be sung clearly. One point has to be stressed in this context: the performersthe music evangelistsshould bear witness for Christ, not bring glory to themselves. However, one aspect unique to evangelism is the audience. In evangelism, the audience can be considered as the target group; after all, the audience in this case are the people to whom the gospel message is directed. Therefore, it is vitally important to consider the audience as a whole in the choice of music. Factors like the general age-groups and religious backgrounds should be examined. The point is to identify the audience. Evangelism is like a bridge in some ways. The Christians are reaching out to the believers with the gospel message. Therefore, in evangelism the appropriate music is like an effective bridge, because the music then becomes a proper evangelistic tool. However, no matter who the audience is, the music must be honest and sincere. It must bemusic which rings true to itself. There must be no falseness and pretense about it.34 Simply said, the music must tell of the gospel message in a clear, unambiguous way. In this section about evangelism, the focus will be on youth as the audience. In youth evangelism, evangelists have chosen certain musical idioms which the youth can relate to. One of these musical idioms is rhythm, or better known as the beat. Most musical scholars agree that music is a combination of three things: melody, harmony, and rhythm. To be complete, the music needs to keep in equilibrium all the three components; for example, the beat should not dominate to the extent of overpowering the tune and the lyrics of the song.35 Therefore, in the use of youth-related musical idioms like the strong sense of beat, there must be a balance between the main tune of the song and its other componentsrhythm and harmony. It is not wrong to use carefully selected contemporary music in evangelism, agrees Mr. Staples, a missionary, as long as the music does not bear too much resemblance to secular musiccomplete with the overtones of violence, drugs, and sex.36 However, whatever the music chosen for evangelism, the guidelines must still apply, because The desire to reachyouth where they are with the gospel of Christ leads to the use of certain questionable musical idioms.37 These questionable musical idioms should be carefully examined with the music guidelines to church music as the standards. As a matter of fact, Mrs. White had something prophetic to say back in l900 when she heard certain kinds of music to which she was against. She wrote: Every uncouth thing will be demonstrated. There will be shouting, with drums, music, and dancing. The sense of rational beings will become so confused that they cannot be trusted to make right decisions. And this is called the moving of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit never reveals itself in such methods, in such a bedlam of noise.38 Even though it is fine to use selected contemporary music elements, the music evangelists must be careful not be overly occupied in the music as to the extent of breaking the rules (i.e. guidelines) in the effort to evangelize. In youth evangelism, there should be no compromise of standards, in particular, the standards of church music. Never compromise high principles of dignity and excellence in efforts to reach people where they are.39 In their evangelistic efforts the evangelists are not follow the ways of the world.40 Mrs. White said that instead of bringing the truth to a low level in order to obtain converts, they should seek to bring the sinful corrupted up to the high standard of the law of God.41 Music has been around for ages. It has also been used in the church for a good period of time; and in more ways than one, it has been (and no doubt will be) an important part of the church. However, times have been (and still are) changing, therefore the context and circumstances of church music have not remained stagnant. But the important thing to remember is that the guidelines must be kept in sight so that the ultimate goal of the Christian of glorifying and praising God is not blurred through the years. Since music is a medium in which the blending of the best and the worst can be done more subtly than through any other media form,42 the christians will have to be extra careful in the selection of music for church use. In conclusion, Dr. Lickey, a church musician, has this to say about judging the music for church use: Responsible Christians would not seek to see how close to the edge of purity they could get but would rather turn their backs to the world.43

A Brief Overview of Émile Durkheims Role in Sociology

A Brief Overview of Émile Durkheim's Role in Sociology Who was Émile Durkheim? He was a famous French philosopher and sociologist known as the father of the French school of sociology for his methodology combining empirical research with sociological theory. The following outlines his life and career and his published works. Early Life and Education Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) was born in Épinal, France, on April 15, 1858, to a devout French Jewish family. His father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had all been rabbis, and it was assumed that he would follow their lead when they enrolled him in a rabbinical school. However, at an early age, he decided not to follow in his familys footsteps and switched schools after realizing that he preferred to study religion from an agnostic standpoint as opposed to being indoctrinated. In 1879, his good grades got him into the École Normale Supà ©rieure (ENS), a well-regarded graduate school in Paris. Career and Later Life Durkheim became interested in a scientific approach to society very early on in his career, which meant the first of many conflicts with the French academic system- which had no social science curriculum at the time. Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, turning his attention from psychology and philosophy to ethics and eventually, sociology. He graduated with a degree in philosophy in 1882. Durkheims views could not get him a major academic appointment in Paris, so from 1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several provincial schools. In 1885 he left for Germany, where he studied sociology for two years. Durkheims period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy, which gained recognition in France and earned him a teaching appointment at the University of Bordeaux in 1887. This was an important sign of the change of times and the growing importance and recognition of the social sciences. From this position, Durkheim helped reform the French school system and introduced the study of social science in its curriculum. Also in 1887, Durkheim married Louise Dreyfus, with whom he later had two children. In 1893, Durkheim published his first major work, The Division of Labor in Society, in which he introduced the concept of anomie, or the breakdown of the influence of social norms on individuals within a society. In 1895, he published The Rules of Sociological Method, his second major work, which was a manifesto stating what sociology is and how it ought to be done. In 1897, he published his third major work, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, a case study exploring the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics and arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. By 1902, Durkheim had finally achieved his goal of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the chair of education at the Sorbonne. Durkheim also served as an advisor to the Ministry of Education. In 1912, he published his last major work, The Elementary Forms of The Religious Life, a book that analyzes religion as a social phenomenon. Émile Durkheim died of a stroke in Paris on November 15, 1917, and is buried in the citys Montparnasse Cemetery.

The peacekeeping mission of the united nations in Democratic Republic Research Paper

The peacekeeping mission of the united nations in Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda - Research Paper Example Democratic Republic of Congo is a large country. It is also the home for the prestigious rain forest, rare species of the world and valuable minerals as well as natural resources. However, Congo is one of the poorest countries and most chaotic on the planet. The unrest in the country is estimated to have claimed lives of millions in the past decade (Mays 11). The country lacks necessities like electricity, medical facilities, law, and order in most of its parts. Mass rape and human brutality have been a common phenomenon in these parts of the country. In the first year after of independence of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko seized the country and declared himself as the president (Youtube). He ruled the country for five years. Several events occurred in the country that led to the deterioration of Mobutu’s government. First, the army of the country mutinied, the governor of Katanga attempted a coup, and the prime minister of the country died (Sitkwoski 87). All these events led to the United Nations peacekeeping mission respond to restore order in the country. When Kabila took over as the president, he tried reforms that saw a relative peace prevail in the country for about two years. Kabila was, however, weakened by domestic protests, international critics of his poor tyrannical governance and the poor economic drive of the country (Mays 12). The soldiers and the military defense of the country deployed and rioted to protest against the poor leadership of Kabila. Kabila, instead, enforced his rule in a dictatorial way, a process that led to a sharp schism of the country into three segments. One of his bodyguards allegedly assassinated him and the act led to the incision of the United Nations militia force into the country (Tull 18). Upon its establishment, the United Nations organization authorized deployment of military liaison from all other

Professional Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional Sports - Essay Example The analysis of the advertising campaign made it evident that NHL’s â€Å"Inside the Warrior† campaign is an example of exploring the crisis masculinity in the field of sports. The articles made it evident that without the presence of a masculine character in sports, the success of that is a cause of concern. In the similar milieu, the NHL’s success will be in doubt for public consumption, without the presence of a masculine figure. A number of scholars have argued that the presence of masculine character is vital in every field so as to fulfill the objectives and serve the purpose. In the words of Connell, 2005; Edwards, 2006; Messner, 1992, â€Å"MacInnes and other scholars within sociological and cultural studies suggest that men, both individually and collectively, are experiencing a displacement of male power/privilege regarding their customary roles in institutions such as politics, employment, education, and family.† Despite several literature debat es pertaining to the veracity, scenery, and potential effects of a crisis of masculinity remain unresolved. Whannel (1999) suggests, â€Å"Whether or not there is a crisis, there certainly is a lot of talk of one† (p. 254). In the next half of the study, a critique of the article that describes the impact of masculinity crisis in the field of sports will be done. CRITIQUE At the outset, I would like to throw light on the fact that sport is medium that provides man to prove his masculinity. I would not compare the levels to which different sports offer different levels of masculinity, but what I would like to shed light upon is the role played by hockey in showcasing one’s masculinity or the other way where an individual gets the opportunity to reflect upon his masculine ability. I agree with the thoughts put forward in the article that the visual representation in the form of looks and appearance are extremely important. As mentioned in the article that â€Å"The visu al representations of men circulated by the media, including those available through advertising and marketing campaigns, provide benchmarks of masculinity against which some men measure themselves† clearly exemplifies the statement made above is true. However, the role of the promotional media is important as they are the one who are responsible for creating the image of the sports person. On the contrary a good image always does not resemble a masculine image and the question of masculine image is also a subject of debate among the scholars and practitioners around the world. Arguably, the various forms of masculinity portrayed through advertising can contribute to social constructions of the crisis of masculinity. According to my opinion masculinity can be conceptualized in a number of forms and one of forms which I believe is the sportsperson’s ability to appeal to the audience. Hence I agree to the articles where it mentions masculinity â€Å"involves persuasion o f the greater part of the population, particularly through the media, and the organization of social institutions in ways that appear ‘

Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Lynnette Chan Do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Negatively Affect Memory? Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressants prescribed to treat moderate to severe depression. SSRIs increase serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake. Compared to other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), SSRIs are more selective and have fewer side effects. In addition to affecting emotional moods, SSRIs can also affect food and sex related behaviors, resulting in side effects such as weight gain and reduced sexual drive (Mayo Clinic). However, recent studies indicate that serotonin also plays a â€Å"significant role in learning and memory† (Buhot, Martin, Segu 210). Given serotonin’s lack of specialized function, can SSRIs negatively affect memory function as a side effect? To answer this question, this paper will establish the association between SSRIs and serotonin levels, and then examine the relationship between SSRI use and impaired or improved memory. Since depression has been linked to a shortage of serotonin neurotransmissions, antidepressants should increase 5-HT levels. But in a comprehensive review on the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus, R. Mongeau, P. Blier, and C. de Montigny found that successful SSRI treatments show both an increase and decrease of 5-HT neurotransmissions (178). This finding is unusual because SSRIs inhibit 5-HT reuptake to increase 5-HT levels and should not result in decreased 5-HT neurotransmissions. As decreased 5-HT levels do appear in successful treatments utilizing SSRIs, there must be additional factors involved in mood elevation within the serotonergic system. Regardless of the exact mechanism that allow SSRIs to treat depressive symptoms, SSRIs do increase and decrease 5-HT neurotransmissions in the brain. While the exact mechanism of how 5-HT levels affect mood remains unclear, SSRI use and changes in 5-HT levels have been linked to memory impairment. In a study investigating the role of serotonin in memory impairment, Marie-Christine Buhot, Stephanie Martin, and Louis Segu found that serotonergic activity in the brain affects memory and learning differently depending on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor subtypes. This study found that stimulation of the 5-HT2A/2C or 5-HT4 receptor subtypes, or inhibition of the 5-HT1A or 5-HT3 or 5-HT1B receptor subtypes improved memory and learning in high-cognitive activities (210). 5-HT receptor subtypes are differentiated by their relative distributions in the brain and their cellular locations, differentiations that explain the various effects of 5-HT receptor subtypes. For example, the 5-HT1A receptor subtype is largely concentrated in the hippocampus and interacts with the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic syste ms (Buhot, Martin, Segu 214). As a result, stimulating 5-HT1A receptors impairs memory. The Buhot study confirms that serotonin affects memory function and is dependent on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor types or subtypes. The Buhot study examined the neurotransmitter mechanisms of serotonin and memory, but it did not examine the effect of specific SSRI antidepressants on memory. In a study on the effect of short-term use of SSRIs on cognitive brain function, Jeroen A. J. Schmitt, Monique J. Kruzinga, and Wim J. Riedel found that the positive and negative effects SSRIs have on memory is caused by interactions with external neurotransmitter systems. The study conducted tests with sertraline and paroxetine, the two â€Å"most potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake† available at the time of the study (Schmitt, Kruzinga, Riedel 173). They found that paroxetine contributed to long-term memory impairment, an effect attributed to paroxetine’s additional anticholinergic properties. On the other hand, sertraline only slightly improved verbal fluency, an effect attributed to sertraline’s additional dopaminergic effects. Although this study agrees with the Buhot study that additional neurot ransmitter interactions in serotonergic pathways contribute or prevent memory impairment, the Buhot study attributes memory functions to serotonin while the Schmitt study does not. Both the Buhot and Schmitt studies argue that SSRIs influence memory, but the two studies disagree on the mechanism that causes memory improvement and impairment. In a study examining the short-term use of the SSRI citalopram and the SNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) reboxetine and their effect emotional memory and perception, Catherine J. Harmer, Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin found that both citalopram and reboxetine decreased the memory and perception of negative emotions in comparison to positive emotion. Additionally, citalopram use lowered startle responses to displays of negative emotion. Unlike the Buhot and Schmitt study, this study claims that SSRI’s side effect on emotional memory and perception is actually the mechanism that makes SSRIs effective antidepressants. Perhaps SSRIs help strengthen memories of positive emotions with increased 5-HT concentrations and weaken memories of negative emotions with decreased 5-HT concen trations at different 5-HT receptor subtypes to contribute to mood elevation and regulation. SSRIs have a recognized role in memory and learning. The Buhot study argues that memory can be strengthened or weakened depending on the inhibition or stimulation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes, characterized by location and neurotransmitter pathways. On the other hand, the Schmitt study argues that SSRIs effect on memory is not caused by 5-HT levels, but by the additional effects of other neurotransmitter systems. In contrast, the Harmer study argues that the strengthening and weakening of emotional memory and perception contributes to the antidepressant properties of SSRIs. In conclusion, SSRIs can both impair and improve memory, depending on the SSRI type and their interactions with 5-HT receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter pathways. SSRIs have been confirmed to affect memory and cognitive function, but further research is required to determine the exact mechanism of how different SSRIs affect neurotransmitters and mood. Research can explore the degree of memory impairment caused by SSRIs, and examine the neurotransmitter systems that interact most with the serotonergic system to better define neurotransmitter function. Future research can also focus on developing new antidepressants by exploring the neurotransmission systems that interact with SSRIs. Hopefully, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of memory and the role of neurotransmitters can also provide better insight on neurodegenerative disorders that affect memory, such as Alzheimers disease. Works Cited Buhot, Marie-Christine, Stà ©phanie Martin, and Louis Segu. Role of Serotonin in Memory Impairment. Annals of Medicine 32.3 (2000): 210-21. Informa Healthcare. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07853890008998828>. Harmer, Catherine J., Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin. Increased Positive Versus Negative Affective Perception and Memory in Healthy Volunteers Following Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition. American Journal of Psychiatry 161.7 (2004): 1256-263. American Journal of Psychiatry. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1256>. Mayo Clinic. Depression (major Depressive Disorder). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). January 1, 2015. Accessed March 18, 2015. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825. Mongeau, R., P. Blier, and C. De Montigny. The Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Systems of the Hippocampus: Their Interactions and the Effects of Antidepressant Treatments. Brain Research Reviews 23.3 (1997): 145-95. Science Direct. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017396000173>. Schmitt, Jeroen A. J., Monique J. Kruizinga, and Wim J. Riedel. Non-serotonergic Pharmacological Profiles and Associated Cognitive Effects of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 15.3 (2001): 173-79. Sage Journals. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://jop.sagepub.com/content/15/3/173.short>.

Organic food sector

This document is an information report providing a micro and macro environmental analysis of the organic industry. It gives specific attention to the European and German market and to the retail industry in particular. A brief introduction, also focusing on the reasons and criteria for the selection of such sector, will be followed by an assessment of the aspects at the micro and macro level that affect the players operating in it. To facilitate the analysis I will pretend that the writer of the following report is a manager operating in the broader food industry.Since we operate in the food retail industry, both nationally (Germany) and on the European level, I suggest, as sales director of this company, to consider entering the organic branch, since it has been growing steadily in the last 2 decades. Organic farming can be regarded as method of production that gives particular attention to environmental protection and animal welfare, thus avoiding the adoption of synthetic chemical means and the production of genetically modified organisms. The industry is highly regulated, requiring producers to acquire special certification to sell goods as organic within given borders.The market has been growing steadily, as suggested above, and is still doing so despite the economic and financial crisis; it grew globally by more than 25 per cent since the start of the global crisis between 2008 and 2011. According to the latest data (Fill and ‘FOAM, 2013), 37. Million hectares of agricultural land are nowadays organic (they were 11 million only in 1999) and 1. 8 million producers world-wide are reported (from 252 thousand in 2000). The global sales have also seen a dramatic increase, climbing by almost 200% in the last 10 years.Although this industry accounts only for 1-2% of the total food production globally, almost 10% of the total food sales share is covered by it. Fig 1 . Organic agricultural land by region, 1999-2010 Despite the number of producers and retaile rs, as I will elucidate later in this report, has been increasing year after year in order to cover the high demand for this kind of rodents (mostly driven by concerns about private health on one hand and the global environment on the other), I believe there are still good opportunities for ambitious firms to enter – at any point of the supply chain – this relatively new and steadily expanding market. . Macro environmental analysis The environment where firms operate includes several forces that affect their activity, from the acquisition of resources, through the process of transformation of such input, and finally to the creation of an output. The more external forces (general or contextual, such as political, cultural, social and legal) are the ones influencing the rim in a more general way, as opposed to the operational ones, which affect the business on a daily basis (Ian and Christ, 2006).In this part I will refer to the external range of influences and observe h ow these can have an impact on the organic industry. As said, the focus will be on the European market and on Germany, which represents the biggest player in the E area and the second largest globally. Selection of factors To carry out this task I have asked my team of analysts to perform a Pestle analysis, which takes into account political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental aspects.It is usually performed by almost every major and minor organization in order to get an overview of the whole scenario of a particular industry or branches of it. Of course the elements considered vary in importance based on the industry and the goods involved. In the organic sector's case, the socio-cultural, political and legal aspects are particularly crucial and the report will give a particular attention to these; in addition, other factors not (directly) included in Pestle but that it is important to mention when analyzing this particular industry, are the demographi c and regulatory ones.Environmental issues also represent a major concern. 2. 1 Specific macro-factor analysis 2. 1. 1 Political factors These basically represent to what extent the government (local, national or supra- national) intervenes in a particular industry. Demand for bio products and the growing popularity of organic farming within Europe has fostered the development and implementation – through the European Commission, The EX. Council and the EX. Parliament – of official rules, programmed and plans.This level of action is closely related to the regulatory one, which will be more thoroughly addressed in the section following this one. The most relevant document to mention in this part is the â€Å"European action plan for organic food and farming†, which comprises 21 initiatives in order to develop the market and get better standards by increasing transparency, reliability, efficacy and consumers' trust. Also at the national level many governments have been providing their plans and policies in order to support the growth and efficiency of the organic industry.In Germany, for instance, the range of governmental assistance in the last decade has increased significantly both through the Federal Government and the Leander; the measures are directed both to organic agriculture and to the whole supply chain (Nibbler and Kenneth, 2007). Environmental objectives, as well as the opportunity for rural development, are the main goals of the government's financial, legal and regulatory support for operators dealing in this industry. 2. 1. 2 Legal and regulatory factors The political intervention in the industry is, as discussed, very present and fundamental for its growth.Although it might benefit the overall sector, the high level of laws and regulations represent nonetheless a potential barrier for new entrants. In 2009 the EX. introduced new regulations regarding the production, control and babbling of organic goods. These put an ever bi gger attention to environmental, animal and consumer protection and health. For instance, food can be sold as organic only if 95% of its ingredients derive from organic agriculture and processing. Closed cycles (using internal resources) are favored to open cycles; external resources should be limited to natural or naturally obtained materials.Only in exceptional cases, thoroughly evaluated by the European Commission, chemical synthetic resources may be allowed if other suitable alternatives are not available. 2. 1. 3 Economic factors Europe has, according to the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, 25% of the world's organic farmland, but it represents almost half of the global revenue within organic industry (the American market is still the world's largest). Sales of organic products were approximately 21. 5 billion Euros in 2011 (Fill, 2013).The largest market for organic products is Germany, with almost 7 billion Euros (Nielsen and Braun, 2013), followed by the I-J (3 bil lion Euros), France and Italy (both 2 billion Euros). Fig 2. Sales growth of German market in 2012 The German market grew by 6% in 2012 up to 7. 04 billion Euros, showing a stable Roth and representing 3. 9% of the entire food market; the increase in the previous year had been even higher (9%), influenced by several food scandals that drove more and more consumers from conventional food to bio products.Fig 3. Sales growth from 2000 to 2012 Fig 4. Organic food sales in Germany (2012) 2. 1. 4 Socio-cultural factors (and demographic ones) A growing number of people are nowadays more informed, health- and environment- conscious than ever; they are thus willing to spend more on healthy natural foods, since there is widespread public belief that organic food is much safer, more atrocious, and environmental friendlier than conventional food.In any case it is important to note that â€Å"regardless of whether any measurable health benefits exist from consumption of organic produce, the pub lic perception of health gains associated with organic produce is undoubtedly influenced by statements that are not (yet) able to be supported by scientific evidence. † (Givens, 2008).Demography also plays a very important role in an increasingly aging Europe; in Germany (one of the countries with the lowest birth rate), the typical heavy consumer of this kind of rodents is in his mid ass (thus belonging to the generation of the forerunners of the ecological movement in this country) and with a good income level. Young consumers, such as students and entry level workers, tend to opt for more affordable options. The market is slowly opening to 30+ customers, mostly young professionals fond of a healthy and dynamic life-style. . Micro environmental analysis This section of the report will mainly focus on Porter's â€Å"5 forces analysis†, concentrating the analysis on those factors that can more directly influence the daily activities of a firm operating in the organic in dustry, affecting its ability to satisfy its customers and make a profit. As the producers' scenario is particularly fragmented, the study will give particular attention to the German retail industry and often assume the perspective of the five largest specialist retail chains operating in it.Three forces relate to ‘horizontal' competition, such as the threat of substitute products or services, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants; the two remaining forces represent ‘vertical' competition: the bargaining power of suppliers and the one of customers. . 1 Threat of established rivals (intensity of competitive rivalry) In Germany organic products are sold as follows: 35% in traditional supermarkets (around 40. 00 shops) 23% in specialist shops (around 2000 shops; there are 17 organic supermarket chains, the 5 biggest are Lunar, Vital, Den's Bio, Basic and Redford). 19% in discounts supermarkets (more than 10. 000 shops) Fig 5. Number of specialize d organic outlets in Germany (2008) It is therefore clear that, despite being this sector quite young, the number of actors operating in it is very high; this great level of rivalry determines a high threat to profits.It is furthermore important to note that these operators vary consistently in cost structures and have different levels of exit barriers; bigger, traditional retailers/ wholesalers (such as Metro, Rowe and Deeds) have an advantage in terms of economies of scale, although they will have to face stronger exit barriers, considering the amount of their investments. According to recent research (Bifocal, 2010), the further development of the specialized organic market sector will see a decrease in terms of market share in favor of traditional supermarkets; nevertheless, the overall turnover will increase.This is mainly due to the fact that specialized retailers can provide a wider range of products, a more regular supply, competent staff and the availability of non-foods it ems as well. 3. 2 Threat of new entrants The highest threat is represented by traditional supermarkets with re-branding strategies towards the organic sector, since completely new entrants would face and be discouraged by very strong entry barriers in terms of capital requirements, economies of scale, amount of regulations, experience curve and access to key inputs. The resulting threat to profits can therefore be regarded as medium. 3.Threat of substitute products There are not many direct substitutes for organic food and as long as a large portion of the public will be convinced that it is safer, healthier, more nutritious and even tastier than conventional one, its higher prices will be Justified and the branch will maintain if not increase the market share. Nonetheless, local farmers' markets provide a good alternative for individuals fond of food with no pesticides and with a low environmental impact; even so, their prices are not rarely higher than the ones offered in supermar kets (even if specialized) and their presence on the territory is ere scarce.There are some products and services that could be listed as indirect substitutes, since they also help satisfy the desire of a healthier and CEO-friendly life- style. Fitness centers, wellness programs and sustainable tourism are Just some of these. Despite this, it is important to stress the fact that nutrition is usually regarded as the most crucial factor when it comes to choices taken by consumers in order to improve their personal health and reduce the negative effects on the environment.The resulting level of threat to profits from substitute products can again be regarded as medium. 3. Bargaining power of buyers Consumers' power in this industry is mostly influenced by the following factors: Price sensitivity Buyers are ready to spend more than on conventional food provided that this is justified by higher levels of quality, freshness, taste and the certainty (provided by certificates and labels) th at the production and packaging of goods respect specific standards and norms.Despite this general observation, discount supermarkets have been lately offering similar products to the one displayed in specialized chains for sensibly lower prices, alerting customers that a similar quality can be obtained also or half of the usual price. Price sensitivity is therefore increasing. Information availability This kind of consumer is usually extremely educated and informed and consequently expects a high level of transparency, as well as being well aware of the different alternatives available in order to satisfy his demand.Degree of dependency upon existing channels of distribution Buyers have been increasingly attracted by the offers displayed in the Internet through more or less specialized organic e-shops. This could represent a potential threat (as well as an opportunity for further investment), although most consumers till rely on traditional channels, offering, among other services, the availability of competent and specialized staff.Availability of substitute products See above The resulting level of threat from this force can be regarded as medium to high. 3. 5 Bargaining power of suppliers Contrarily to the US market, where suppliers are extremely concentrated (with local farmers often signing contracts with big corporations) and represent the real dominant power in the organic industry, in Europe they are still very fragmented.They do not represent a big threat for the retail industry. It is furthermore not likely for suppliers to tend towards forward vertical integration. The resulting level of threat from this force can be regarded as low to medium The above mentioned observations can be summarized in the following table, which underlines the micro environmental factors within the organic (retail) industry and their level of threat. Fig 6. Porter's five forces summary 4.Further relevant specific market issues: recent developments in the target market Res earchers Budded and Ham (2011) observe that the traditional parameters necessary to define the usual buyer of organic products (e. . Level of income and education, age, as indicated above), have almost completely lost their previous importance in the last few years; the authors have thus come to the conclusion that marketing campaigns should concentrate on health-orientated specific needs, underlining the naturalness of goods and their lacking of chemically produced ingredients.